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Marvel Entertainment

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Marvel Entertainment, LLC (formerly Marvel Enterprises and Toy Biz, Inc., and marketed and stylized as MARVEL) is an American entertainment company founded in June 1998 and based in New York City, formed by the merger of Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and ToyBiz. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company, and is mainly known for its Marvel Comics, Marvel Animation, and Marvel Television units. Marvel Studios, formerly under the Marvel umbrella, became a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios, where it develops and produces a shared universe of films that shares continuity with some of the shows produced by the television unit.

In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment for US$4 billion;[2] it has been a limited liability company (LLC) since then. For financial reporting purposes, Marvel is primarily reported as part of Disney's Consumer Products segment ever since Marvel Studios' reorganization into Walt Disney Studios.[3]

Over the years, Marvel Entertainment has entered into several partnerships and negotiations with other companies across a variety of businesses. As of 2019, Marvel has film licensing agreements with Sony Pictures (for Spider-Man films), and Universal Pictures (a right of first refusal to pick up the distribution rights to any future Hulk films produced by Marvel Studios), and a theme park licensing agreement with IMG Worlds of Adventure and Universal Parks & Resorts (for specific Marvel character rights at Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan).[4] Aside from their contract with Universal Parks & Resorts, Marvel's characters and properties have also appeared at Disney Parks.[5]

History[]

Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc.[]


Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. (Marvel or MEG), incorporated on December 2, 1986,[6] and included Marvel Comics and Marvel Productions. That year, it was sold to New World Entertainment Ltd as part of the liquidation of Cadence Industries.[8] On January 6, 1989, Ronald Perelman's MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings bought Marvel Entertainment Group from New World for $82.5 million.[9] The deal did not include Marvel Productions, which was folded into New World's TV and movie business.[8]

"It is a mini-Disney in terms of intellectual property," said Perelman. "Disney's got much more highly recognized characters and softer characters, whereas our characters are termed action heroes. But at Marvel we are now in the business of the creation and marketing of characters."[1]

Public offering and acquisition[]

Marvel made an initial public offering of 40% of the stock (ticker symbol NYSE:MRV) on July 15, 1991, giving $40 million from the proceeds to Andrews Group, Marvel's then direct parent corporation within MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings.[9][10]

In the early 1990s, Marvel Entertainment Group began expanding though acquisitions and the formation of new divisions. Marvel purchased the trading card company Fleer on July 24, 1992.[9] On April 30, 1993, Marvel acquired 46% of ToyBiz, which gave the company the rights to make Marvel toys.[9] The Andrews Group named Avi Arad of ToyBiz as the president and CEO of the Marvel Films division.[11]

In 1993 and 1994, Marvel's holding companies, Marvel Holdings, Inc. and Marvel Parent Holdings, Inc., were formed between Andrews Group and MEG. The companies issued over half a billion dollars in bonds under the direction of Perelman, which was passed up in dividends to Perlman's group of companies.[12] Marvel acquired Panini Group, an Italian sticker-maker, and Heroes World Distribution, a regional distributor to comic-book shops, in 1994. It acquired trading card company SkyBox International in 1995.[9]

Marvel's attempt to distribute its products directly led to a decrease in sales and aggravated the losses which Marvel suffered when the comic book bubble[13][citation needed] 

popped, the 1994 Major League Baseball strike massacred the profits of the Fleer unit,[14] and Panini, whose revenue depended largely on Disney licensing, was hobbled by poor Disney showings at the box office.[15]

Bankruptcy and Marvel Studios[]

In late 1995, Marvel reported its first annual loss under Perelman, which was attributed mainly to the company's large size and a shrinking market. [9] On January 4, 1996 Marvel laid off 275 employees.[16]

In late 1996, Perelman proposed a plan to save Marvel in which the company would merge with Toy Biz after Perelman spent $350 million for the Toy Biz shares that he didn't already own. He would then receive newly issued Marvel shares to maintain his 80 percent stake.[9]

Separately, in July 1996, Marvel filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to raise money to create a private entity called Marvel Studios.[17] Much of the money to create Marvel Studios came from the sale of Toy Biz stock.[17][18]

In December 1996, the Marvel group of companies filed for bankruptcy.[1][9] At this time, Carl Icahn, an American businessman and investor, began buying Marvel's bonds at 20% of their value and moved to block Perelman's plan.[9] In February 1997, Icahn won the bankruptcy court's approval to take control of the company's stock.[9] Later, in June 1997, Icahn won the right to replace Marvel's board, including Perelman.[9]

In December 1997, during the post-bankruptcy reorganization phase, Toy Biz came to an agreement to purchase Marvel from the banks.[1][9] In December 1997, the bankruptcy court appointed a trustee to oversee the company in place of Ichan.[9] In April 1998, while the legal battle continued, the NYSE delisted Marvel stock.[9]

In August 2008, former company head Ronald Perelman paid $80 million to settle a lawsuit accusing him of helping divert $553.5 million in notes when he controlled the company.[12]

Marvel Enterprises[]

ToyBiz and Marvel Entertainment Group were merged into Marvel Enterprises to bring it out of bankruptcy in June 1998.[1] In February 1999, Fleer/Skybox was sold to a corporation owned by Alex and Roger Grass, a father and son, for US$30 million.[19]

Later, the rights to names like "Spider-Man" were being challenged. Toy Biz hired an attorney to review its license agreement. Los Angeles patent attorney Carole E. Handler found a legal loophole in the licensing of the Marvel name and was successful in reclaiming Marvel Enterprises' movie rights to its character Spider-Man.[20][21][22]

Marvel Enterprise organized itself into four major units, Marvel Studios, Toy Biz, Licensing and Publishing, while in November 1999 adding Marvel Characters Group to manage Marvel's IP and oversee marketing.[23] Marvel named its Marvel New Media president, Steve Milo, in November 2000 to oversee its website.[24]

In 2003, Bill Stine purchased back Quest Aerospace, a 1995 Toy Biz acquisition, from Marvel.[25] In summer 2003, Marvel placed an offer for Artisan Entertainment.[26] A new unit, Marvel International, was set up in London under a president, Bruno Maglione, to extend the company's operation and presence in major overseas markets in November 2003.[27] In December 2003, Marvel Entertainment acquired Cover Concepts from Hearst Communications, Inc.[28] In November 2004, Marvel consolidated its children's sleepwear-apparel licensing business with American Marketing Enterprises, Inc.[29]

In November 2004, the corporation sued South Korea-based NCSoft Corp. and San Jose, California-based Cryptic Studios Inc. over possible trademark infringement in their City of Heroes massive multiplayer online game.[30] Marvel settled a film-royalties lawsuit in April 2005 with its former editor-in-chief, publisher and creator, Stan Lee, paying him $10 million and negotiating an end to his royalties.[31]

Marvel Entertainment[]

In September 2005, Marvel Enterprises changed its name to Marvel Entertainment to reflect the corporation's expansion into financing its own movie slate.[32][33]

In 2007, several Stan Lee Media related groups filed lawsuits against Marvel Entertainment for $1 billion and for Lee's Marvel creations in multiple states, most of which have been dismissed.[34] Additionally, a lawsuit over ownership of the character Ghost Rider was filed on March 30, 2007, by Gary Friedrich and Gary Friedrich Enterprises, Inc.[35]

Disney subsidiary (2009–present)[]

On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4.24 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and approximately 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own.[36] The voting occurred on December 31, 2009 and the merger was approved.[2][37] The acquisition of Marvel was finalized hours after the shareholder vote, therefore giving Disney full ownership of Marvel Entertainment.[38] The company was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange under its ticker symbol (MVL), due to the closing of the deal.

On June 2, 2010 Marvel announced that it promoted Joe Quesada to Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment.[39] In June 2010, Marvel set up a television division headed by Jeph Loeb as executive vice president.[40] Three months later, Smith & Tinker licensed from Marvel the character rights for a superhero digital collectible game for Facebook and Apple's mobile platform.[41] On October 1, 2010, Marvel moved its offices to a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) suite at 135 W. 50th Street, New York City, New York, under a nine-year sublease contract.[42]

Stan Lee Media's lawsuit against Marvel was dismissed again in February 2011.[34][43]

In March 2013, Feld Entertainment agreed with Marvel to produce a Marvel Character-based live arena show. Marvel was also launching a new pop culture and lifestyle web show, “Earth’s Mightiest Show”.[44] On August 22, 2013, Marvel Entertainment announced that it was working with Hero Ventures on The Marvel Experience, a traveling production/attraction.[45] In April 2014, Hong Kong Disneyland announced the construction of Iron Man Experience, the first Marvel ride at any Disney theme park. It opened in 2017 and was built on a location in the park's Tomorrowland.[46]

On September 16, 2009,[47] the Jack Kirby estate served notices of termination to Walt Disney Studios, 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Sony Pictures to attempt to gain control of various Silver Age Marvel characters.[48][49] Marvel sought to invalidate those claims.[50][51] In mid-March 2010 Kirby's estate "sued Marvel to terminate copyrights and gain profits from [Kirby's] comic creations."[52] In July 2011, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a summary judgment in favor of Marvel,[47][53] which was affirmed in August 2013 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.[54] The Kirby estate filed a petition on March 21, 2014 for a review of the case by the Supreme Court of the United States,[55][56] but a settlement was reached on September 26, 2014 and the family requested that the petition be dismissed.[57]

In October 2017, Ron Richards began working at Marvel Entertainment as Vice President and Managing Editor of New Media.[58] Marvel New Media expanded into a new field with the development of a scripted podcast series, Wolverine: The Long Night, announced on December 5, 2017.[59]

On December 7, 2017, Marvel announced its Marvel Rising franchise focusing on new characters as youngsters starting with animation in 2018. Marvel Comics is expected to publish material for Marvel Rising, but delayed any announcement on their material.[60]

In May 2018, The Walt Disney Company Australia purchased eight year naming rights to Docklands Stadium from Melbourne Stadiums Limited and selected the Marvel brand as part of the name. Since September 1, 2018, the stadium has been known commercially as Marvel Stadium. A Marvel retail store and other inclusion of Marvel would be added to the stadium.[61]

Units[]

The company's operating units, as of 2015, include:

Divisions[]

  • Marvel Custom Solutions, customized comic books[62]
  • Marvel Games (the division utilized for video game promotion and licensing of Marvel intellectual properties to video game publishers).

Marvel New Media[]


Marvel New Media (also called Marvel Digital)[63] unit consists of the company's website, online video series[58] and podcast.[59] Digital shows under New Media are THWIP! The Big Marvel Show, The Marvel Minute, Marvel LIVE! and Marvel Top 10.[63]

In October 2017, Ron Richards began working at Marvel Entertainment as Vice President and Managing Editor of New Media,[58] while Marvel Digital freelance on-air host Lorraine Cink was hired as Senior Creative Producer.[63] Marvel New Media expanded into a new field with the development of a scripted podcast series, Wolverine: The Long Night, announced on December 5, 2017.[59]

On April 7, 2018 at the Chicago Comic and Entertainment Expo, Marvel New Media announced its new slate.[64] Marvel named Shane Rahmani as senior vice president and general manager of new media in March 2019.[65]

Webcasts
  • Wolverine: The Long Night podcast[59]
  • THWIP! The Big Marvel Show
  • The Marvel Minute, Marvel LIVE! and Marvel Top 10 (2017-) [63]
  • Women of Marvel
  • Eat the Universe,
  • This Week in Marvel (relaunch)
  • Earth's Mightiest Show, A weekly variety web-series focusing on fandom and Marvel culture. (Launched in March)[64]

Women of Marvel A bi-weekly podcast that looks at the comic industry from a female perspective. (Relaunched in February; originally launched in June 2014)

Marvel's Voices Released bi-weekly as both a podcast and set of video clips, it features interviews that focus on a variety of cultural topics. (Launching this month)

Marvel's Eat the Universe

Subsidiaries[]

  • Asgard Productions LLC (Delaware)
  • Cover Concepts, Inc.[28]
  • Green Guy Toons LLC (Delaware)
  • Marvel Entertainment International Limited (United Kingdom)
  • Marvel Film Productions LLC (Delaware)
  • Marvel Internet Productions LLC (Delaware)
  • Marvel Television (2010–) television production division[66]
    • Marvel Animation, Inc. (2008–): Subsidiary charged with oversight of Marvel's animation productions.[67][68]
  • Marvel Toys Limited (Hong Kong)
  • Marvel Worldwide, Inc., publisher of Marvel Comics
  • MRV, Inc. (Delaware)
  • MVL International C.V. (The Netherlands)
  • MVL Film Finance LLC: holder of Marvel's Movie debt and theatrical film rights to the twelve characters and supporting characters as collateral.[7][71]
  • MVL Iron Works Productions Canada, Inc. (Province of Ontario)
  • MVL Incredible Productions Canada, Inc. (Province of Ontario)
  • Squad Productions LLC (Delaware)[72]
Intellectual property holding companies
  • Iron Works Productions LLC, movie rights subsidiary
  • Incredible Productions LLC (Delaware), movie rights subsidiary[7]
  • Marvel Characters, Inc.: subsidiary holding general rights of all Marvel Comics characters
    • MVL Rights, LLC: subsidiary holding Marvel Comics characters' movie rightsTemplate:Sub[73][74]
  • Marvel Characters B.V. (The Netherlands)
  • Marvel International Character Holdings LLC (Delaware)
  • Marvel Property, Inc. (Delaware) incorporated 12/2/1986[6] (formerly Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc.[7])
  • MVL Development LLC (Delaware), rights subsidiary

Former[]

  • Marvel Toys (formerly Toy Biz) (1984–2007)
  • Marvel Merchandising department/Heroes World Distribution Co. (early 1970s–1975/1994–1996)
  • Malibu Comics (1994–1997)
  • Marvel Books division (c.1985)[75]
  • Marvel Comics Ltd. (1972–1995; UK subsidiary)[76]
  • Marvel Films (1993–1996)/Marvel Studios, LLC (1996–2015) a film and television production company; now a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios[77]
    • Marvel Films Animation – animation subdivision (1994–1997)
  • Marvel Mania Restaurant (Marvel Restaurant Venture Corp.)
  • Marvel Enterprise division
    • Marvel Interactive
      • Online Entertainment (Marvel Zone)
      • Software Publishing
    • Fleer Corporation
      • Panini Group: Italian sticker manufacturer
    • SkyBox International
  • Marvel Music Groups (1981–1989) music publishing subsidiary[78][79]
  • Marvel Productions (1981–1989)[8]
  • Mighty Marvel Music Corporation (1981–1989) music publishing subsidiary[78][79]
  • MLG Productions (2006–2011), Marvel & Lionsgate's subsidiary group for Marvel Animated Features[80][81]
  • Spider-Man Merchandising, L.P. (? –2011): A joint venture of Marvel and Sony Pictures Consumer Products Inc. that owned the rights to Spider-Man movie related licensed products.
  • Welsh Publishing Group: children magazine publisher

Executives[]

Chairmen[]

  • Ronald O. Perelman (January 6, 1989 - October 23, 1996)[82]
  • Scott M. Sassa (October 23, 1996 - June 20, 1997)[82]
  • Morton E. Handel (October 1, 1998 - December 31, 2009)
  • Isaac Perlmutter (January 1, 2017 – Present)

Vice Chairmen[]

  • Isaac Perlmutter (November 30, 2001 – December 31, 2009)

CEOs[]

  • William C. Bevins (1991 - October 23, 1996)[82]
  • Scott M. Sassa (October 23, 1996 - June 20, 1997)[82][83][84]
  • Joseph Calamari (June 23, 1997 - October 1, 1998)[85]
  • Joseph Ahearn (October 1, 1998 - November 25, 1998)[86]
  • Eric Ellenbogen (November 25, 1998 - July 20, 1999)[87]
  • F. Peter Cuneo (July 20, 1999 - December 31, 2002)
  • Allen S. Lipson (January 1, 2003 - December 31, 2004)[88][89]
Office of the Chief Executive
  • Isaac Perlmutter (January 1, 2005 - December 31, 2016)[89][90][91]
  • Executive Vice Presidents:
    • Alan Fine (April 2009 – ? [92])
    • John Turitzin (September 2006[93] – ?)
    • David Maisel (September 2006[93] – December 31, 2009[94])

Presidents[]

  • Stan Lee (1972–1973)[95][96]
  • Al Landau (1973–1975)
  • Jim Galton (1975–1991)[97]
  • Terry Stewart (1992[98]-1993[99])
  • Rick Ungar (?–November 1993)
  • Avi Arad (November 1993–?)[100]
  • Bruce Stein (?–November 1994)
  • William Bevins Jr. (November 1994–?)[101]
  • Terry Stewart (May 1995)[83]
  • Jerry Calabrese (May 1995–mid 1996) & (October 1998–November 1998)[83]
  • Scott C. Marden (interim) (Mid 1996–September 1996)[83]
  • David Schreff (September 1996–?)[83]
  • Joseph Calamari (?–October 1998)[83]
  • Eric Ellenbogen (November 1998–July 1999)[83]
  • F. Peter Cuneo (July 1999[83]–January 1, 2003)
  • Allen Lipson (January 1, 2003 – January 1, 2005)[89]
  • Alan Fine, President (2009–)[102] also, chair of Marvel's Creative Committee[92]
  • Dan Buckley (January 2017–present)[103][104]

Others[]

See subsidiaries' articles for their executives.
  • Bill Jemas (February 2000–October 2010) President of Publishing and Consumer Products[105]
  • Bruno Maglione, President of Marvel International, November 2003[27]
  • Joe Quesada (2010–present) Chief Creative Officer
  • Bill Jemas
    • Chief Operating Officer (January 2002–October 2010)
    • Chief Marketing Officer (October 2010[105]–late 2013)[106]
  • Guy Karyo (October 2010) Executive Vice President of Operations and Chief Information Officer[105]

Productions[]

TV[]

Live-Action

For any live action television series created after 2009, see Marvel Television.
Series Aired Production Distributor Original Network
Generation X February 20, 1996 (pilot) MT2 Services, Inc.

Marvel Films[107]

New World Television Production

Fox Films

New World Entertainment Fox[108]
Blade: The Series June 28, 2006 – September 13, 2006 Phantom Four
New Line Television 		Marvel Entertainment Spike

Animated

Series Aired Production Distributor Network Episodes
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series July 11 – September 12, 2003
Sony Pictures Television MTV 13
The Spectacular Spider-Man March 8, 2008 - November 18, 2009
  • Culver Entertainment
  • Adelaide Productions
  • Marvel Entertainment
  • Sony Pictures Television
 Sony Pictures Television The CW
Disney XD 		26

Film[]

See also: List of films based on Marvel Comics

Live-Action

Year Film Directed by Written by Produced / Distributed by Budget Gross
1998 Blade Stephen Norrington David S. Goyer New Line Cinema $40 million $131.2 million
2000 X-Men Bryan Singer Story by Tom DeSanto & Bryan Singer
Screenplay by David Hayter 		20th Century Fox $75 million $296.3 million
2002 Blade II Guillermo del Toro David S. Goyer New Line Cinema $54 million $155 million
Spider-Man Sam Raimi David Koepp Columbia Pictures $139 million $821.7 million
2003 Daredevil Mark Steven Johnson 20th Century Fox $78 million $179.2 million
X2 Bryan Singer Story by Zak Penn and David Hayter & Bryan Singer
Screenplay by Michael Dougherty & Dan Harris and David Hayter 		$110 million $407.7 million
Hulk Ang Lee Story by James Schamus
Screenplay by John Turman and Michael France and James Schamus 		Universal Pictures $137 million $245.4 million
2004 The Punisher Jonathan Hensleigh Jonathan Hensleigh and Michael France Lionsgate Films / Artisan Entertainment $33 million $54.7 million
Spider-Man 2 Sam Raimi Story by Alfred Gough & Miles Millar and Michael Chabon
Screenplay by Alvin Sargent 		Columbia Pictures $200 million $783.8 million
Blade: Trinity David S. Goyer New Line Cinema $65 million $128.9 million
2005 Elektra Rob Bowman Zak Penn and Stuart Zicherman & Raven Metzner 20th Century Fox $43 million $56.7 million
Man-Thing Brett Leonard Han Rodionoff Lionsgate Films / Artisan Entertainment $30 million $1.1 million
Fantastic Four Tim Story Mark Frost and Michael France 20th Century Fox $100 million $330.6 million
2006 X-Men: The Last Stand Brett Ratner Simon Kinberg & Zak Penn $210 million $459.4 million
2007 Ghost Rider Mark Steven Johnson Columbia Pictures $110 million $228.7 million
Spider-Man 3 Sam Raimi Screenplay by Sam Raimi & Ivan Raimi and Alvin Sargent
Story by Sam Raimi & Ivan Raimi 		$258 million $890.9 million
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer Tim Story Screenplay by Don Payne and Mark Frost
Story by John Turman and Mark Frost 		20th Century Fox $130 million $289 million
2008 Punisher: War Zone Lexi Alexander Nick Santora and Art Marcum & Matt Holloway Lionsgate Films $35 million $10.1 million
2009 X-Men Origins: Wolverine Gavin Hood David Benioff and Skip Woods 20th Century Fox $150 million $373.1 million
2011 X-Men: First Class Matthew Vaughn Screenplay by Ashley Edward Miller, Zack Stentz and Jane Goldman & Matthew Vaughn
Story by Sheldon Turner and Bryan Singer 		$140–$160 million $353.6 million
2012 Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor Screenplay by Scott M. Gimple and Seth Hoffman & David S. Goyer
Story by David S. Goyer 		Columbia Pictures $57 million $132.6 million
The Amazing Spider-Man Marc Webb Screenplay by James Vanderbilt, Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves
Story by James Vanderbilt 		$230 million $757.9 million
2013 The Wolverine James Mangold Christopher McQuarrie and Mark Bomback 20th Century Fox $120 million $414.8 million
2014 X-Men: Days of Future Past Bryan Singer Screenplay by Simon Kinberg
Story by Matthew Vaughn, Jane Goldman & Simon Kinberg 		$200 million $747.9 million
2015 Fantastic Four Josh Trank Jeremy Slater, Seth Grahame-Smith, T.S. Nowlin & Simon Kinberg $120 million $168 million
2016 Deadpool Tim Miller Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick $58 million $782.3 million
X-Men: Apocalypse Bryan Singer Simon Kinberg, Dan Harris and Michael Dougherty $178 million $534.5 million
2017 Logan James Mangold Screenplay by Michael Green, Scott Frank and James Mangold
Story by David James Kelly & James Mangold 		$97 million $612.4 million
2018 Deadpool 2 David Leitch Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick and Ryan Reynolds $110 million $785 million
Venom Ruben Fleischer Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, Kelly Marcel and Will Beall Columbia Pictures $100 million $855 million
Upcoming
2019 Dark Phoenix Simon Kinberg 20th Century Fox (produced)/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (distributed) TBA
2020 The New Mutants Josh Boone Josh Boone and Knate Lee
Morbius Daniel Espinosa Burk Sharpless and Matt Sazama Columbia Pictures

Animation

Film Directed by Written by Produced / Distributed by Budget Gross
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Bob Persichetti, Peter Ramsey and Rodney Rothman Screenplay by Phil Lord and Rodney Rothman
Story by Phil Lord 		Sony Pictures Animation (produced)/Columbia Pictures (distributed) $90 million $352 million
Karts Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Phil Lord, Rodney Rothman and Roberto Orci DreamWorks Animation (produced)/Universal Pictures (distributed) $90 million $375.4 million

Video games[]

Main article: Marvel Games

See also[]

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References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Raviv, Dan (April 2002). Comic Wars. Broadway Books, Random House, Heroes Books. ISBN 0-7679-0830-9. Archived from the original on 2006-12-31. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fritz, Ben (September 23, 2009). "Disney tells details of Marvel Entertainment acquisition in a regulatory filing". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ↑ Part I: Page 1: ITEM 1. Business. Fiscal Year 2010 Annual Financial Report And Shareholder Letter Template:Webarchive. The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved December 27, 2013. "Marvel businesses are reported primarily in our Studio Entertainment and Consumer Products segments."
  4. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gaudette, Emily (November 6, 2017). "What a Disney/Fox deal could mean for Deadpool, the X-Men". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017. Fox has the rights to the X-Men, including Wolverine, Deadpool and the Fantastic Four. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chu, Karen (8 October 2013). "Hong Kong Disneyland to Open 'Iron Man' Experience in 2016". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Marvel Entertainment Group, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Apr 15, 1998. secdatabase.com. Retrieved on May 13, 2018.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Marvel Entertainment FORM 8-K. RealDealDocs (29 September 2006). Retrieved on June 25, 2012. “Sec.3 (d) a fully-executed assignment agreement, in substantially the form of the Assignment Agreement dated as of August 30, 2005 by and among MEI, Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and MCI, assigning MEI’s, Marvel Property, Inc.’s (formerly known as Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc.) and MVL Development LLC’s rights in the Unencumbered Characters to MCI;”
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hicks, Jonathan P. (1988-11-08). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Marvel Comic Book Unit Being Sold for $82.5 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bryant, Adam (1998-05-24). "Pow! The Punches That Left Marvel Reeling". The New York Times. p. 4. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2019-04-07. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 28. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale / St. James Press, via FundingUniverse.com. 1999. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved 2008-05-16. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Savage, Mark (2015-04-23). "Marvel Avenged: From financial ruin to the biggest film franchise in history". Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Perelman Agrees to Settle Marvel Lawsuit". The New York Times. Bloomberg News. 2008-08-07. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  13. ↑ A minority of dissidents maintain no bubble existed. Rozanski, Chuck. The Vicious Downward Spiral of the 1990s. Tales from the Database. Mile High comics. Archived from the original on May 11, 2007. Retrieved on January 27, 2007.
  14. ↑ Lott, Jeremy (2002). Smash! Pow! Bam!. Reason. Archived from the original on May 11, 2007. Retrieved on January 27, 2007.
  15. ↑ Raviv, pp. 38–39
  16. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Leonhardt, David (22 January 1996). "What Evil Lurks in the Heart of Ron?". Business Week. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hass, Nancy (1996-07-28). "INVESTING IT;Marvel Superheroes Take Aim at Hollywood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2019-03-04. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ↑ Toy Biz, Inc. Prospectus. New York Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved on May 10, 2011.
  19. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Taylor, Ted (February 4, 1999). "Fleer/skybox Sale Finally Goes Through". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Knight Ridder. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  20. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shprintz, Janet (August 19, 1998). "Spider-Man's legal web may finally be unraveled, Judge tying up Marvel's loose ends". Variety. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ↑ The Guardian, Court web snares Spider-Man, April 27, 2003 Template:Webarchive
  22. ↑ Bing, Jonathan. "Inside Move: Rights snares had Spidey suitors weaving" Template:Webarchive, Variety, May 19, 2002: "Marvel lawyer Carole Handler found a legal loophole: The original sale to Cannon hadn't been registered with the U.S. Copyright Office, so rights reverted to Marvel."
  23. ↑ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Marvel Enterprises, Inc. Announces Organizational Changes". Write News. November 1, 1999. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
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  25. ↑ NARCON 2011 Presentations. NARCON. Washington Aerospace Club. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved on May 10, 2011.
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